Main Article Content
Abstract
Basically subak is a farmer-managed irrigation system in Bali. It is an entity managing some sites of rice field, getting irrigation water from one source, having subak temple, and getting an autonomy of internally and externally. It also has some natural bounderies. Subak as a socio-cultural institution has some strengths. But subak is very weak because of external intervention. The globalization (competition, pragmatism, materialism, etc) highly influences the subak existence. Now, irrigation water for subak is taken by tourism sector as water drinking industry and by the domestic used. Therefore water for subak is limited. Also, the land tax (pajak bumi dan bangunan) is very high, because the number of tax is based on rice fileld location. That is why land conversion in Bali is very high, about 750 ha/year. The problems and threats of subak in Bali are coming from tourism sector, green revolution concept, free trade, and biotechnology development. To increase the defensiveness and sustainability of subak needs a strategic policy in relation with parhyangan (values) aspects, pawongan (social) aspects, and palemahan (physical) aspects.
Keywords
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Arfian S. l989. Pendayagunaan sumberdaya air dan lahan pada zaman
- Indonesia Kuno di Bali, analisis hasil penelitian arkeologi, Denpasar ;
- Fak.Sastra UNUD.
- Arif, S.S. 1998. Keberlanjutan Sistem Irigasi dalam Pembangunan Jangka
- Panjang Kedua (Studi Kasus di Jawa dan Bali), Yogya; P3PK-UGM.
- Arif, S.S. l999. Applying Philosophy of Trihita Karana in Design and
- Management of Subak Irrigation System, dalam A Study of Subak as
- Indigenous Cultural, Social, and Technological System to Establish a
- Culturally based Integrated Water Resources Management Vol.III. (ed:
- S.Susanto), Yogyakarta ; Fac.of Agric.Technology, Gadjah Mada
- University.
- Coward, E.W. 1980. Irrigation development : institution and agricultural
- development in Asia (ed : E.W. Coward, Jr), Ithaca and London; Cornell
- Univ.Press.
- Mawardi, M. l999. Socio-economic changes and its effect on sustainability of
- subak system, dalam A Study of the Subak as Indigenous Cultural,
- Social, and Technological System, to Establish a Culturally based
- Integrated Water Resources Management Vol.III. (ed: S. Susanto),
- Yogyakarta ; Fac. of Agric.Technology, Gadjah Mada University.
- Mc.Ginnis, M.D. l999. Introduction, dalam Polycentric governance and
- development (ed: McGinnis). Ann Arbor-USA; The Univ.of Michigan
- Press.
- Norken, N; W. Windia; J. Sushila; W.Geriya; M.Mudhina. 2007. Peningkatan
- efektivitas pengelolaan sumberdaya air berbasis pada lembaga subak
- di Propinsi Bali, Denpasar; Bappeda Prop. Bali.
- Peraturan Daerah No. 9 tahun 2012, tentang Subak.
- Puposutardjo, S. 1997. Konsep konservasi tanah dan air untuk keberlanjutan
- irigasi, Pidato pengukuhan guru besar UGM, Yogyakarta; UGM.
- Purwita, I.B.P. 1993. Kajian sejarah subak di Bali, dalam Subak, sistem irigasi
- tradisional di Bali (ed: G.Pitana), Denpasar ; Upada sastra.
- Pusposutardjo, S dan W. Wardana. 1997. Evaluasi hasil, akibat, dan dampak
- pelaksanaan pengembangan irigasi desa : studi kasus Kabupaten
- Sleman, Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Agritech Vol. 17 No.2.
- Sumarta, K. l992. Subak inspirasi manajemen pembangunan pertanian.
- Denpasar: Citra Budaya.
- Sutawan, N.; M. Swara; N.Sutjipta; W. Suteja dan W. Windia. l984. Studi
- Perbandingan Subak dalam Sistem Irigasi non-PU dan Subak dalam
- Sistem Irigasi PU (Kasus Subak Timbul Baru dan Subak Celuk,
- Kab.Gianyar), Denpasar; Univ.Udayana.
- Sutawan, N. 2001. Eksistensi subak di Bali : mampukah bertahan menghadapi
- berbagai tantangan, Kumpulan makalah konsep dan implemantasi Tri
- Hita Karana dalam pembangunan Bali, menyongsong era otonomi
- daerah dalam era global, Denpasar ; Pusat Kajian Bali.
- Sutawan, N. 2008. Subak menghadapi tantangan globalisasi, dalam :
- Revitalisasi subak dalam memasuki era globalisasi, Yogyakarta ;
- Penerbit Andi.
- Sutawan, N; M. Swara; W.Windia; G. Sedana, IGM Putra Marjaya. 1991.
- Laporan akhir penelitian aksi pembentukan wadah koordinasi antar
- sistem irigasi (Subakagung) di Wilayah Kab. Tabanan dan
- Kab.Buleleng, Prop. Bali, Denpasar ; kerjasama DPU Prop. Bali, dan
- Univ.Udayana.
- Sutawan, N; M. Swara; W.Windia; W.Sudana.1989. Laporan akhir pilot proyek
- pengembangan sistem irigasi yang menggabungkan beberapa empelan
- subak di Kab.Tabanan dan Kab.Buleleng, Denpasar ; kerjasama DPU
- Prop. Bali dan Univ.Udayana.
- Wardha, I W. l989. Subak dari segi perkumpulan, analisis hasil penelitian
- arkeologi, Denpasar; Fak. Sastra, UNUD.
- Kebertahanan Subak di Era Globalisasi
- Windia, W; W. Budiasa; N.G. Ustryana; W.Ginarsa. 2003. Pelestarian
- sumberdaya budaya di Kota.Gianyar, Gianyar ; kerjasama Jurusan
- Sosek Fak.Pertanian UNUD dengan Bappeda Kab. Gianyar.
- Windia, W. 2006. Transformasi sistem irigasi subak yang berlandaskan Tri Hita
- Karana, Denpasar: Pustaka Bali Post.